CHAPTER
III
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
A.
Place and Time
This
research was done at SMA Negeri 8 Padangsidimpuan. It was located on Jl. Perkebunan Pijorkoling Kec.
Padangsidimpuan Tenggara, Pulau Bauk village. The process of this
research was from 02 December 2016 – 21 December 2017.
B.
Research Design
The
research design was experimental study. It means the researcher used two groups
to collect the data; they were experimental class and control class. The
experimental class was the class that receive the treatment by peer tutoring
strategy, while the control class was the class that receive the treatment by
lecture strategy. It means that researcher teach the students like teacher way
in class at grade X SMA Negeri 8 Padangsidimpuan. The design could be figured
as the following:
Table 1
Research Design
|
Group |
|
Treatment |
|
|
A.
Experimental
class B.
Control class |
Pre-test Pre-test |
Teaching by
using peer tutoring strategy Teaching by
using lecture strategy |
Post-test Post-test |
C.
Population and Sample
1.
Population
Population
was very needed in a research. Population was the entire object that became the
target of the research. So population was consist object or collecting elements
of research. Population of this research was grade X students of SMA Negeri 8
Padangsidimpuan. There were 6 (six) classes and consist of 105 students.
Table
2
Population
of the Research
|
No |
Classes |
Number
of students |
|
1. |
X
MIA-1 |
26 |
|
2. |
X
MIA-2 |
26 |
|
3. |
X
IS-1 |
27 |
|
4. |
X
IS-2 |
26 |
|
Total |
105 |
|
2.
Sample
Sample
was representatived whole of population.
Researcher predicted that every sample in population in same levels, then
researcher took the sample of each class by cluster sampling. So from the six
classes, researcher only took two classes as the sample of the research. The
sample of the research was the students from grade X MIA-2 as the experimental
class and X MIA-1 as the control class. Researcher chosen grade XMIA-2and X
MIA-1because researcher found they were same low in teaching reading
comprehension. In addition, the students had many problems when teaching reading
comprehension.
D.
Instrument of Collecting Data
1. Instrument of the Research
Instrument
was a tool that can be used by researcher to collect data. In this research,
the researcher done test as an instrument. In the test had two kinds, they were
pre-test and post-test.The test used by multiple choice. The test consisted of
20 items for experimental class and 2o items too for control class. To make the
score, the researcher used the score of the formative test by applying the
following formula: level comprehension =
Table
3
Indicators
Reading Comprehension Test
Pre-Test
|
No |
Indicators |
Items |
Number of items |
score |
Total Score |
|
1. |
able to find the topic of the text |
5 |
1,6,9,12, 20 |
5 |
25 |
|
2. |
Able to identify main idea of the text |
2 |
2, 13 |
5 |
10 |
|
3. |
Able to identify information needed
from the text |
5 |
3,4,7,10,17 |
5 |
25 |
|
4. |
Able to give conclusion to the text |
4 |
5,11,15, 19 |
5 |
20 |
|
5. |
Able to understand the vocabulary of
the text |
4 |
8,14,16, 18 |
5 |
20 |
|
|
Total |
20 |
|
|
100 |
Table
4
Indicators
Reading Comprehension Test
Post-Test
|
No |
Indicators |
Items |
Number of items |
Score |
Total Score |
|
1. |
able to find the topic of the text |
3 |
1,4,11 |
5 |
15 |
|
2. |
Able to identify main idea of the text |
2 |
9, 19 |
5 |
10 |
|
3. |
Able to identify information needed
from the text |
8 |
2,5,6,10, 14,15,16, 18 |
5 |
40 |
|
4. |
Able to give conclusion to the text |
4 |
3,8,13,20 |
5 |
20 |
|
5. |
Able to understand the vocabulary of
the text |
3 |
7,12,17 |
5 |
15 |
|
|
Total |
20 |
|
|
100 |
Based on the table 4 and 5, researcher concluded that if the
students got answers correctly from some items of the test (indicators), so the
students have 100 score.
2.
Validity
of Instrument
In this research, the researcher used item
validity to found out the validity of instrument. The test consisted of 60
questions of multiple choice questions. It had been divided into two groups
such as experimental class and control class : 30 for pre-test and 30 for
post-test.
To get the validity of the each question had
used to list r product moment with
Where:
Æ©x
= total score of x
Æ©y
= total score of y
n = total of sample
3. Reliability of the Instrument
Reliability
was the degree of accuracy or precision in the measurements made by a research
instrument. An instrument of the research must be reliable. A reliable test was
consistent and dependable.[3]
Reliability of an instrument can be found by using Spearman-Brown
formula.[4]
The formula was as follow:
Where:
r1/21/2 = Correlation between test scores
Reliability was a good character of test
that refers to the consistency of the measurement. The test was reliable because
E.
Procedures of Research
In completing the data, the researcher did
the procedures of the research. They were pre-test, treatment and post-test.
1. Pre-test
Pre-test
was conducted to find out the homogeneity of sample. The function of pre-test
was to find the mean scores of the experimental class and control class before
the researcher gave treatment to the experimental class. In this case, researcher
usedthe steps, they were:
a. The researcher prepared the test 20
items.
b. The researcher distributed the paper of
test to students of experimental class and control class.
c. The researcher explained what the
students to do.
d. Researcher gave time.
e. The students answered the question.
f. Researcher collected the students’ paper
test.
g. The researcher checked the answer of
students and found the mean score of the experimental class and control class.
2. Treatment
After giving the pre-test, the students
were given the treatment. The experiment class and the control class were
giving some material, which was consisted of reading comprehension aspects that
taught by the teacher in different ways. The experimental class was taught by
using peer tutoring strategy and the control class was taught by lecture
strategy.
3. Post-test.
After
giving treatment, researcher conducted a post test which the different test
with pre test, and has not been conducted in the previous of the researcher.
This post-test was the final test in the research, especially measuring
treatment, whether “there is an effect or not”. After conducting the post-test,
the researcher analysis the data, then the researcher found out the effect of
using peer tutoring strategy in the experimental class.
a. The researcher prepared the test 20
items.
b. The researcher distributed the paper of
test to students of experimental class and control class.
c. The researcher explained what the
students to do.
d. Researcher gave time.
e. The students answered the question.
f. Researcher collected the students’ paper
test.
g. The researcher checked the answer of
students and found the mean score of the experimental class and control class.
F.
Techniques
of Data Analyzing
The techniques of analyzing data have used:
1.
Mean
Score
To
know mean score of the data researcher used formula, as follow: Mx =
Mx = mean
N = number of classes[5]
2.
Normality
test
To know
whether data of research has normal. So, reseracherused Chi-Quadrate formula, as follow:
Where:
x2=
Chi-Quadrate
fo=
Frequency is gotten from the sample
fh= Frequency is gotten from the sample as image from
frequency is hoped from the population[6]
To calculate the result of Chi-Quadrate, it uses significant level 5
% (0,05) and degree of freedom as big as total of frequency is
lessened 3 (dk = k – 3). If
result x2count < x2table.So,
it can be concluded
that the data distributed by normal.
3. Homogeneity
Variant Test
Homogeneity variant test used to known whether control class and experimental class have the
same variant or not. If the both of classessame, itcan call homogeneous. To test it, researcherused formula as follow:
F
=
Where:
n1 = Total of the data
that bigger variant
n2 = Total of the data
that smaller variant
Criteria:
Where:
σ12 = Variantof experimental class
σ22 = Variant of control class[7]
H0 is accepted if F <
4. Hypothesis Test
Hypothesis
was the provisional result of research. So, researcher needs to analyze the
data which divide into two groups, they are experimental and control class.
Before analyzing the data to find the hypothesis, researcher calculated the
normality and homogeneity of the post test. It is used to know whether the data
is normal and homogenous or not. If the data is normal and homogenous, the
formula that must be used t-test to test hypothesis and must be used
chi-Quadrate formula if the data is not normal and homogenous. Because result
of post-test in this research was normal and homogenous, data had been analyzed
by using t-test formula. The formula is as follow:[8]
Tt
=
Where:
T = The value which the statistical
significance
M1 = The average score of the experimental
class
M2 = The average score of the control class
x12 = Deviation of the experimental class
x22 = Deviation of the control class
n1 = Number of experimental
n2 = Number of control
[1] J. Michael O’Malley
and Lorraine Valdez Pierce, Authentic
Assessment for English Language Learners (Amerika: Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, 1996), p. 98.
[2] Suharsimi Arikunto, Prosedur
Penelitian, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2009), p. 72.
[3] H. Douglas Brown, Language Assesment, Principles and classroom
Practices, (San Frasisco State
University : Logman,2004), p. 20.
[4] Arikunto Suharsimi, Prosedur
Penelitian, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2009), p. 93.
[5] Anas Sudijono, Pengantar Statistik
Pendidikan, (Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Persada, 2008), p. 81.
[6] Mardalis, Metode Penelitian:
Suatu Pendekatan Proposal, (Jakarta: Bumi Aksara, 2003), p. 85.
[7] Sudjana, Metode Statistika,
(Jakarta: Tarsito, 2002), p. 250.
[8] Sugiyono, Statistika untuk Penelitian, (Bandung:
ALFABETA, 2006), p. 135.
