THE STUDENTS’ MASTERY IN SIMPLE PAST TENSE AT ELEVENTH GRADE SMA NEGERI
CHAPTER
II
THEORETICAL
DESCRIPTION
A.
Theoretical Description
1. Students’
mastery.
According to Hornby state that the student is a
person is studying at school or college.[1]
While in Indonesia dictionary, siswa adalah seorang pelajar yang berada pada
tingkat Sekolah dasar, Sekolah Menengah Pertama, dan Sekolah Menengah Atas (the
students is a especially on the grade of Elementary, Junior, and Senior High
School).[2]
Then, according to Ramayulis, student is the member society that effort to
develop his/her self through education level process and kind of certain
education.[3]
Mastery is complete knowledge; great skill:
achieve/ attain mastery of several languages, show complete mastery in one’s
handling of a difficult situation. Then, mastery is control complete or
knowledge. [4]
Based on the definition above, the researcher
concludes that the students’ mastery is anyone who studies in school in performing something or to do
something of control complete and skill or knowledge in simple past tense.
Everyone have different mastery so that with this condition will help each
other to do the activity.
So students’ mastery
means: anyone who studies or who is devoted to the acquisition
of knowledge and somebody need construction or development of owned mastery
it individually and group and also expect treatment either from adult,
including the teacher. The mastery is the skills or the potential of an
individual in doing various tasks in a job or an assessment of the person's actions.
So, the
researcher only focused to understand of the simple past tense such in active,
passive, and nominal sentence.
2. Simple
past tense
Before going
to the theory of tenses it is known that tenses especially simple past tense is
one kind of knowledge that has to be mastered by the students.
Simple
past tense is used to show expression what happened in the past time. In
language which have a simple past tense. It thus provides a grammatical of
indicating that the event being referred to took place in the past.[5]
Based on
the definition above the researcher can conclude that simple past tense is used
for something in the past which is finished.
a. Function
of simple past tense.
Past
tense has function that important in using of sentence:
1) To show
the action that just now happened.
Example:
He just now watched TV.
2) Repeated,
habitual actions in the past time.
Example:
I always went to mosques at night.
3) Taking
place simultaneously in the past time.
Example:
Shanti was watching TV when someone knocked the door.[6]
b. Kinds of
past tense.
1) Simple
past tense.
Point at:
a) The
simple past tense is usually made by adding “ed” to the Verb.
Example:
We walked to school yesterday.
b) If a
verb ends in “e”, just add “d” to make the simple past tense.
Example:
Who closed all the windows?
c) When a
word ends in “y” after consonant,
changed into “ie” when “d” is added to the word.
Example:
My brother cried when he fell off his bike.
d) When a
suffix is added to a short word ending in a consonant after a vowel, its
consonant is doubled.
Example:
Stop ( stopped ).[7]
Based on the problems above, the researcher limited the problem on
simple past tense. Therefore, the
researcher explanations form of simple past tense and the explanation below:
c.
Form of simple past tense.
Simple past tense is
talk about action or situations in the past.[8] Simple past tense is also
to show one action which happened or took place at a particular time in the
past and repeated, habitual action in the past. Time markers that are usually
used: Yesterday, last, ago, in, at, for, from, and when.[9]
1)
Active verbal
Generally, simple past tense is used to state one action or
happened in past time.
Formula pattern in sentence is used:
a) (+)
affirmative sentence
There are some things which important
must know when affirmative sentence is used: affirmative sentence, the verb
that is used verb second form. Changed from verb 1( infinitive) become verb
second form and have to adjust with regular or irregular verb. For example,
leave ( left ).
The formula:
|
I We You She He It They
|
Verb 2 + Object + Adv
+… |
(1) Regular
e.g:
-
Help Helped
-
Want Wanted
-
Answer Answered
-
Call Called
-
Discuss Discussed
(2)
Irregular e.g:
-
Begin Began
-
Become Became
-
Awake Awoke
-
Behold Beheld
-
Befall Befell
For
examples, this following:
(a) I
studied English yesterday.
(b) We
went to Jakarta last month.
(c) You
opened the door yesterday.
(d) She
climbed tree last year.
(e) He
cooked rice yesterday morning.
b) (-) negative sentence
There are some things which have to
known when negative sentence is used: did not ( didin’t ) is placed in behind
subject. All verbs in negative sentence, form simple past tense used verb 1. It
means, after coming “did” verb 2 back to verb 1.
The
formula:
|
S + Did + not + verb 1 + object + adverb +… |
For
example, this following:
(1) I did
not study English yesterday.
(2) They
did not go to Jakarta last month.
(3) You
did not speak English yesterday.
(4) I did
not visit some friends last week.
(5) She
did not give a birthday present to her friend.
c) (?)
Interrogative sentence.
There
are some things which important when is used interrogative sentences: “did” is
used in front of subject. Verb 1 is used in interrogative sentences.
The formula:
|
Did + Subject + Verb
1 ? |
For
example, this following:
(1) Did
you study English yesterday?
Long
answer: yes, I studied English yesterday.
Short
answer: yes, I did.
(2) Did
they go to Jakarta last month?
Long
answer: No, they didn’t go to Jakarta last month.
Short
answer: No, they did not.
(3) Did
you see Julie on the weekend?
Long
answer: No, I did not see Julie on the weekend.
Short
answer: No, I did not.
(4) Did
they play tennis this morning?
Long
answer: Yes, they played tennis this morning.
Short
answer: Yes, they did.
(5) Did
he eat soup last month?
Long answer:
Yes, he ate soup last month.
Short answer:
Yes, he did.
d) (?)
Interrogative sentence with question word.
There are some things which attended
when used interrogative sentence: the answer of question which use question
word, didn’t use yes or no have to adjust with own question.
The formula:
|
Qw + Did + Subject +
Verb 1 |
For
example interrogative sentence:
(1) Question:
what did you see last night?
Answer: I saw my car last night.
(2) Question:
Where did Suaidi go yesterday?
Answer: He went to Toba Lake.
(3) Question:
Where did you swim last week?
Answer: I swam on the river last week.
If
question word asked subject or as subject so, arrangement:
The formula:
|
Subject/
Qw |
+
Verb 2 |
For
example:
(1) Question: Who visited
you last night?
Answer: James
visited me last night.
2) Nominal
sentence
Nominal sentence in simple past tense is
used state condition that happens in past time.
The formula in sentence is used:
(a) (+)
Affirmative sentence.
In affirmative sentence needed to be
“was” and “were”. To be “was” is used for subject I, he, she and it. For
subject you, we and they used to be “were”.
The formula:
|
I He She It |
Was |
+ Non
verb |
|
We You They |
Were |
For
example:
(1) She
was happy yesterday.
(2) They
were very busy last week.
(b) (+)
Negative sentence.
There
is something have to attended when use negative sentence. To be “was” and
“were” added on the behind in negative sentences.
The formula:
|
S + was/were + not + non verb |
For
example:
(1) She
was not happy yesterday.
(2) They
were not very busy last week.
(3) I was
not a student junior high school.
(4) He
was not player football.
(5) It
was not a wonderful view.
(c) (?)
Interrogative sentence
To
be “was" and “were” is used in front of subject in interrogative sentence.
The answer for interrogative sentence can used “yes” or “no”.
The formula:
|
Was/ were + S + Non verb |
For
example:
(1) Was
she happy yesterday?
Long
answer: Yes, she was happy yesterday or no, she
wasn’t
happy yesterday.
Short answer: yes, she was or no,
she wasn’t.
(2) Were you
a doctor?
Long
answer: Yes, I was a doctor.
Short
answer: Yes, I was
(3) Were
they angry last morning?
Long
answer: No, they were not angry last morning.
Short
answer: No, they were not.
(4) Was I
fat last year?
Long
answer: yes, you were fat last year.
Short
answer: yes, you were.
3) Time
signals
Time
signal is used in form of simple past tense. Usually the time signal is used
such as:[10]
(a) Yesterday yesterday morning
(b) yesterday
afternoon yesterday evening
(c) The
day before last
spring
(d) Last….. Last night
(e) Last
week Last Saturday
(f) Last
Sunday Last
month
(g) Last
year Last march
(h) Last
Monday an hour
ago
(i) A few
minutes ago two days ago
(j) A
month ago a year
ago
4) Passive
voice
Passive
from active tense formed by with put verb to be into same tense with active
tense and additional with active verb 3. Subject active verb will be subject
verb passive. The subject was not often mention. If mention started with by and
put on the ending of clause: This tree was planted by my grandfather.[11]
Sometimes,
simple past tense is used in passive form for example; newspaper, scientific
writing, and article. Passive voice is used because object from active is
information that is important than subject. If active voice in simple past
tense, so ‘be’ passive voice is was and where.[12]
The formula:
Active:
Subject + Verb II
Passive:
(a) Positive
(+)
|
Subject
+ To be (Was, were) + Verb III + by + Complement |
(b) Negative
(-)
|
Subject
+ To be (was, were) + Not + Verb III + By + Complement |
(c) Interrogative
(?)
(?) Long answer:
|
Q.W
+ To be (was, were) + Subject + Verb III + by + Complement |
(?)
Short answer:
|
To
be (was, were) + Subject + Verb III + by + Complement |
For example:
-
Active : Susi opened the door.
Passive:
(+) The door was opened by Susi.
(-) The door wasn’t opened by Susi
(Qw/?) What was opened by Susi?
(?) Was the
door opened by Susi?
-
Active : Iwan drank a cup
of coffee.
Passive: (+) A cup of coffee was drunk by Iwan
(-) A
cup of coffee wasn’t drunk by Iwan
(Qw/?) What was drunk by Iwan?
(?) Was a
cup of coffe drunk by Iwan?
-
Active: Rama bit Mary
Passive:
(+) Mary was bitten by Rama.
(-)
Mary was not bitten by Rama.
(Qw/?)
Who was bitten by Rama?
(?) Was Mary bitten by Rama?
Based
on the definition above the researcher concludes that the simple past tense is
talking about happened in the past time. When use verb in simple past tense,
subject adjust with singular and plural. Just not in verbal sentence. In
nominal sentences, singular and plural is used in simple past tense. Then, in
passive voice the simple past tense is used in sentence.
3.
Evaluation
of simple past tense mastery
Evaluation exactly, predictable what is the activity. Term of
evaluation is known almost for everyone, especially for education. Evaluation
is the activities of data collected or information to compare of criteria, then
take the conclusion. This conclusion it is mean as result of evaluation.
That means of criteria in evaluation of education is provision that
taken out by ministry of national education. Easy example is provision of
graduate from education of academy.[13]
Based on
the definition above the researcher can conclude that with the evaluation to
students, it is known how the students’ mastery in simple past tense like
active, passive, and nominal sentence.
B.
Review
of Related Findings.
Many researches are talking about students’ mastery in
simple past tense. Related to this research, some researches had been done as
follow:
First, Nurzannah Ritonga had done research is State
Institute of Islamic studies ( STAIN ) Padangsidimpuan with the title “An
analysis on the students’ ability in writing sentences in simple past tense at grade
VIII SMP Negeri 1 Padang Bolak 2014/ 2015”. After analyzing the data, she was
gotten that the an analysis on the students’ ability in writing sentence in
simple past tense at grade VIII SMP Negeri 1 Padang Bolak can be categorized
enough. It can be known from the calculating was 59. 46%.[14]
Second, Siti Maisaroh had done research is Faculty
of Tarbiyah Teachers’ Training ‘Syarif Hidayatullah’ State Islamic University
Jakarta with the title “Analysis of the students’ ability in using the simple
past tense at the second grade SMP Negeri 3 shouth Tangerang 2013/ 2014”. She
was gotten can be categorized enough. It can be know from the calculating was
52. 09%.[15]
Third, Ovalina had done research is Faculty of
Tarbiyah Teachers’ Training ‘Syarif Hidayatullah’ State Islamic University
Jakarta with the title “Improving students’ ability in using the simple past
tense through contextual teaching learning at 8th grade students of
SMP Negeri 17 Tangerang selatan 2010/ 2011” is good. It can be known from
calculating was 71. 79%.[16]
It can be conclude that students were able in simple
past tense, although they had difficulties in simple past tense. In other word,
the students felt difficult in tenses.
If the researchers before concluded that the
students were able in simple past tense, the researcher interested want to do
research about “Students’ mastery in simple past tense at eleventh grade SMA
Negeri 8 Padangsidimpuan”. The researcher hope can describe and analyze the
differences from the students but in the different location.
C.
Hypothesis
of Research.
According to L. R Gay says, “A
hypothesis is a tentative prediction of the results of the research findings”.[17]
Hypotheses, on the other hand are predictions the researcher holds about the
relationship among variables.[18]
Suharsimi Arikunto stated a hypothesis is a provisional answer of result
problem in research.[19]
So that, it can be said that hypothesis is a provisional of prediction result
in a research. Based on the background of the problems above, in this research
the students’ mastery in simple past tense at eleventh grade SMA Negeri 8
Padangsidimpuan is enough mastery.
D.
Conceptual
Framework
Simple past tense is very important,
especially for Vocational School. A good English grammar competence especially
on tenses, facilitate the students to gain achievement. To learn English
grammar especially tenses, the students need good techniques. One of the
techniques is by simple past tense.
Simple past tense is used in learn
English grammar and to help students to understand tenses when applied it in
learning and its life. The students to used the simple past tense is to
remember that the using of the simple past tense emphasizes that the event is
over and done with before the present moment of time. So, in this research the
researcher was to examine the students’ mastery in simple past tense.
[1] Hornby. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 1187.
[2] Tim Penyusun Kamus
Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa,
Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, (Jakarta:
Balai Pustaka, 2001), p.1077.
[3] Ramayulis, Ilmu
Pendidikan Islam, (Jakarta: Kalam Mulia, 2010), p. 169
[4] Op.,cit. p. 721
[5] Slamet Riyanto, et.
Al., A Hand Book of English Grammar,
(cet. IV; Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2010), p. 109.
[6] Betty Schrampfer Azar,
op. cit., p. 28
[7] Slamet
Riyanto, op. cit., p. 142.
[8] Ibid., p. 22.
[9] Slamet
Riyanto, op. cit., 141.
[10] Windi Novia, S. Pd, Basic English Grammar, (cet. 1; Jakarta:
Gama Press, 2010), p. 247.
[11]
Drs. Surayin, Perfect English Grammar, (1st ; Bandung: Yrama
Widya, 1999), p. 344.
[12]
Moh. Kusnadi, Excellent English Grammar, (Surabaya: Bintang Usaha jaya,
2011), p. 284.
[13] Prof. Dr. Suharsimi
Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu
Pendekatan Praktik, (cet. 5; Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 2013), p. 36.
[14] Nurzannah Ritonga, analysis on the students’ ability in writing
sentences in simple past tense at grade VIII SMP Negeri 1 Padang Bolak,
(unpublished Thesis), (Padangsidimpuan: STAIN Padangsidimpuan, 2014), p.
44.
[15] Siti Maisaroh, Analysis of the students’ ability in using
the simple past tense at the second grade SMP Negeri 3 shouth Tangerang,
(phublished Thesis), (Jakarta: UIN Jakarta, 2013), p. 56.
[16] Ovalina, Improving students’ ability in using the
simple past tense through contextual teaching learning at 8th grade students of
SMP Negeri 17 Tangerang selatan, (published), (Jakarta: UIN Jakarta, 2010),
p. 52.
[17] L.R. Gay and Peter
Airasian, Educational Research
Competencies for Analysis And Application,(New York: Prentice Hall,2000
),p.71.
[18] John W. Creswell, Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative,
and Mixed Methods Approaches, (2nd ed; New Delhi: Sage
Publications, 2003), p. 108.
[19] Suharsimi Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan
Praktik, (Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 2006), p. 71.
