CHAPTER III
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
A.
Place and Time of the Research
The location of this research is SMA
Negeri 1 Siabu. It is Jln. Medan Padang.
Kec. Siabu, Kab. Mandailing Natal. This research had been done 26th
August 2016 up to 30th November 2017. This research was the eleventh grade of the
students.
B.
Research Design
The kind of the research is used quantitative research with
Experimental method. L.R Gay said” Experimental research is the only type of
the research that can the hypothesis to establish cause and effect.”[1] And then, Cresweell said “Experimental research included the
experiment with the random assignment of subject to treatment condition as well
as quasi experiment that use non randomized”.[2]
From the definition above, it can be concluded that the experiment
is a kind of research that have aim to know the causal effect relationship
between one or more variable to other variables.
In this research, the researcher choose to use the pretest and post
test control group design. It can be seen from the table below:
Table 1. Pretest-Posttest Control Group
Design
|
R |
O1 |
X |
O2 |
|
R |
O3 |
|
O4 |
Notes:
R = the sample of the research
O1 = pre-test in
experimental class
O2 = post-test in
experimental class
X = treatment
O3 = pre-test in control
class
O4 = post-test in control
class[3]
From the
definition above, it can be concluded that the experimental research was a kind
of research that tries to observe the cause and effect relation between one
variable with another variable. Variable in this research is concept critical reading strategies and reading report text.
Experimental research also used to know the cause and effect relations by
comparing the result of experimental group who get a treatment with control
group who do not get a treatment. Experimental class is the class that taught
with critical reading strategies as a treatment. Meanwhile the control class is a class that taught
with using conventional strategy or
without a treatment.
C.
Population and Sample
a.
Population
Gay and Airasian stated that population is the group of interest to
the researcher, the group to which she or he would like the results of the
study to be generalize. It means that the population of this research is all of
the XI
class of SMA Negeri 1
Siabu. It consists
of 3 classes with students. It can be seen in
the following table:
Table
2. The population of the grade XI students SMAN 1 Siabu
|
No |
Class |
Total Student |
|
1.
|
XI IPA 1 |
22 |
|
2.
|
XI IPA 2 |
24 |
|
3.
|
XI IPA 3 |
24 |
|
Total of Students |
68 |
|
b.
Sample
Gay and Airasian state “sample is
comprises the individuals, items, or events selected from a larger group
referred to as a population”.[4] According to Arikunto says: “Sampel adalah
sebagian atau wakil populasi yang diteliti”.[5] It means is sample is the partial or
representative of the Population under study.
In this research, the researcher choose two classes as a sample for 48 students as sample. Two classes
devided into
experimental class (XI IPA 3) which consist 24 students, and control class (XI IPA 2) which consists of 24 students.
Table 3. Sample of Eleventh Grade Students of SMAN 1 Siabu in
2016/2017 Academic Year
|
No |
Class |
Total |
|
1. |
XI IPA2 |
24 |
|
2. |
XI IPA3 |
24 |
The researcher chooses eleventh grade students because report text
subject is studied by the students. The
researcher will use random sampling to take the sample. Random sampling is the
process of selecting a sample in such a way that all individuals in the defined
population have an equal and independent chance of being selected for the
sample.[6] Before using random sampling, the researcher must use normality
and homogenity test.
1)
Normality Test
Normality test is use to know whether the data of research is
normal or not. Here, to know
the normality, the researcher use Chi-Quadrate formula, as follow:
Where :
x2 = Chi-Quadrate
fo = Frequency is get from the sample/ result of
observation
(questioner ).
fh = Frequency is get
from the sample as image from frequency is
hope from the population.[7]
To conclude the
result of Chi-Quadrate use significant level 5 % ( 0,05 ) and degree of freedom as big as
total of frequency is lessen 3 ( dk= k-3 ). If result
2)
Homogeneity Test
Homogeneity
test is used to know whether control class and experimental class have the same
variant or not. If the both of classes are same, it is can be called
homogeneous. To test it, researcher used formula as follow:
F
Where:
Hypothesis is
rejected if
D.
Definition
of Operational Variables
1.
Reading
Reading
is intereactive skill betwen a reader with the
text to get information
from the writer massage or from the text.
2.
Report Text
Report Text is a text to inform the things, people, and animals, which has the aim to
inform the reader.
3.
Critical Reading Strategies
Critical Reading Strategies is a way of reading that the reader must think that their
read to get information that author says, such as: fact, opinion, and
recognizing bias. Critical reading strategies can we use with steps: Previewing, Contextualizing, Questioning to understand and
remember, Reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and values, Outlining and
summarizing, Evaluating an argument, Comparing and contrasting related reading
E.
Instrument of Collecting Data
Instrument is very important to support every research. This research make test as the
instrument to collect the
dataof students’ reading report text. The researcher used test multiple choice.
According to Brown, multiple choice items, “which may on the surface appear to
be simple items to construct”.[9] In
this research, the researcher will use a test. Good instrument certify the validity of the data. The reseacrcher use
instrument of validity and reliability for the take the valid data. The
researcher use test as instrumentation. Test is some of question or view or
other tool use for measure skill, knowledge, intelligence and ability.
The researcher collect by give
the multiple-choice test. In this research, before validity the test consist of
100 questions,
where 50
for pre-test, and 50 for post-test. This give to both group, expeiment and control class.
Table
4. The Indicators Reading Report
Text of Pre-Test
|
NO |
Indicators |
Number of Items |
Items |
Total Score |
|
1 |
Able
to identify topic of the text |
1,24,42, |
3 |
6 |
|
2 |
Able
to identify main idea of the text |
2,21,25,35,43 |
5 |
10 |
|
3 |
Able
to identify specific information of the text |
3,4,5,13,14,17,18,22,23,27,28,29,30,31,
40,44,48,49 |
18 |
36 |
|
4 |
Able
to identify grammar of the text |
6,7,8,9,16,26,34,39,41,45,46, |
11 |
22 |
|
5 |
Able
to identify the meaning of underlining word |
10, 11,12,15,19,32,33,36,37,47 |
10 |
20 |
|
6 |
Able
to identifying conclusion |
20,38,50 |
3 |
6 |
|
TOTAL |
50 |
100 |
||
Table 5. The Indicators Reading Report Text of Post-Test
|
NO |
Indicators |
Number of
Items |
Items |
Total Score |
|
1 |
Able
to identify topic of the text |
1,19,39 |
3 |
6 |
|
2 |
Able
to identify main idea of the text |
2,12,29,30,48, |
5 |
10 |
|
3 |
Able
to identify specific information of the text |
4,5,6,7,8,17,20,21,22,23,25,26,31,33,35,37,41,48,49, |
19 |
38 |
|
3 |
Able
to identify grammar of the text |
3,11,16,18,24,36,38,42,43,44,45, |
11 |
22 |
|
4 |
Able
to identify the meaning of underlining word |
9,10,13,14,27,28,32,46,47, |
9 |
18 |
|
6 |
Able
to identifying conclusion |
15,34,50 |
3 |
6 |
|
TOTAL |
50 |
100 |
||
F.
Validity and Reliability Instrument
a.
Validity
Anas Sudijono state that the “validity is a
characteristic of the good test. To get the validity of an achievement test can
be use two way”.[10]
a)
Totality of the
test validity
b)
Item validity
Beside that Gay and Airasian state that
validity is the most important characteristic a test or measure instrument can
possess.[11]
There
are three types of validity in quantitative research:
1)
Face and content
validity
2)
Concurrent and
predictive validity
3)
Construct validity[12]
In this research, the researcher use item validity to get
the validity of instrument. Item validity is a part of the test as a totality
to measure the test by item. Where, the
test consist of 140 questions of
multiple-choice test. It is divided
into two groups: 70 for pre-test and 70
for post-test.
To know the validity of the each question will be refer
to list r biserial with r, in 5% significant: 0,361 and 1%
significant: 0,463. So if r account> r table the test is classify valid.
So, to get the validity test, the researcher use the
formula of r pointbiserial can be use
as follow:
Where:
rpbi : Coefficient item validity
Mp : Mean score of the total sore
SDt : Standard Deviation of the total score
P : Presentation of the right answer of the item test
validity.
q : Presentation of the wrong answer of the item test validity.[13]
b.
Reliability
Reliability
is the degree of accuracy or precision in the measurements made by a research
instrument.[14] To get the reliability of the test, Suharsimi Arikuinto
state that the obtain the reliability of the test, the researcher use formula
K-R 20.
The formula are :
R 11 =
Where :
R11 = Reliability of the instrument (test)
∑ pq =
Total of the result times p and q
P = Proporsi Subject who is right Answer
(1)
N
Q = Proporsi Subject who is wrong
Answer (0)
N
n = Total of Question
St2 = Variants Total.[15]
Reliability
is a good character of the test that refers to the consistent of the
measurement. The test is reliable if r count > r table
by use formulation K-R20.
Then,
here the criteria of test reliability is as follow:
R11
= 0,70 high correlation ( reliable )
R11>
0,70 high correlation ( reliable )
R11<
low correlation ( not reliable ) .[16]
G.
Procedures of Data Collection
In completing the data, the researcher
continued to the next step. The next step is collecting the data. The function
of data collecting is to determine the result of the research. In collecting
data the researcher used some steps. They are:
1.
Pre test
a. The
researcher prepared the test 50 items.
b. The
researcher distributed the paper of the test to students of experimental class
and control class.
c. The
researcher explained what students to do.
d. Giving
time.
e. The
students answer the question.
f. Collect
their paper test to researcher.
g. The
researcher checked the answer of students and find the mean score of control
and experimental class.
2. Treatment
The
treatment has done after the pre-test. Control class is through Conventional
Strategy, and experimental class is through by applying critical Reading
Strategies.
3. Post
test
a. After
giving treatment, the researcher conducted a post-test which the different test
with the pre-test, and has not been conducted in the previous of the research.
The researcher prepared the test 50 items.
b. The
researcher distributed the paper of the test to students of experimental class
and control class.
c. The
researcher explained what students to do.
d. Giving
time.
e. The
students answer the question.
f. Collect
their paper test to researcher.
Post-test
is the final test in the research, especially measuring the treatment, whether
is an effect or not. After conducting the post-test, the researcher analyzed
the data. And the researcher found out the effect of using critical reading
strategies in the experimental class. The researcher checked the answer of
students and found the mean score of control and experimental class.
H.
Technique
of Analyzing Data
In
this research, the researcher use the teqhnique of analysis as follow:
1.
Requirement test
a)
Normality test by use Chi-Quadrat formula, as follow:
Where:
x2 = Chi-Quadrate
fo = Frequency is get from the sample/ result of observation
(questioner ).
fh =
Frequency is get from the sample as image from frequency is
hope from the population.[17]
b)
Homogeneity test
To
test the data whether homogen or not, the researcher use Harley test, as
follow:
F =
Hypothesis
is accept if
Hypotheses is reject
if
2.
Testing of Hypothesis
Based on the hypotesis, the analysis of the data
will be do to find out the ability of two groups that are devide into experiment class
and control class. From the hypotesis is to answer the result of the research.
So, the data will be analaysis by use the follow t-test formula:
Ha : µ1> µ2
Ho : µ1< µ2
If Ha : µ1> µ2,[19]
It is mean the result of students reading report text by use critical reading strategies at grade XI SMAN 1 Siabu is better than conventional technique. But, if the Ho : µ1< µ2,
it is mean the result of students reading report text by use critical reading strategies at grade XI SMAN 1 Siabu is not better than conventional technique. To test the hypothesis, researcher use the formula
as follow:
Where:
T : The value which the statistical
significance
M 1 : The average score of the experimental class
M2 :
The average score of the control class
X12 : Deviation of the experimental class
X 22 : Deviation of the control class
n1 :
Number of experimental
n2 : Number of control.[20]
t-test is used to
know the significant effect of the application of treatment in reading report text teaching. As Scott explains
that a t-test is used to determine if
two groups of an independent variable differ on a dependent variable. If a t-test is found to be statistically
significant, we would say that two groups differ on the dependent variable.[21] So, based on the kind of research, this research used t-test to analyzing the data and also as
the end of measurement.
[1] L.R.
Gay and Peter Airasian, Educational
Research (USA: Merril, 2000), p. 367.
[2] Jhon
Creswell. Research Design Qualitative,
Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches Second Edition (USA: prenice
hall., 2000), p. 14.
[3]Sugiyono,
Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D ,(Bandung:
Alfabeta, 2013), p. 76.
[4]Ibid., p. 121.
[5] Surhasimi Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan, (Jakarta:
Rineka Cipta, 2006), p. 131.
[6]Ibid, p. 132.
[7] Anas Sudijono, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan. (Jakarta: PT.
Raja Grafindo Persada, 2005), p. 298.
[8] L.R. Gay and Peter Airasian,
Educational Research, Op, Cit, p. 250.
[9] H. Dounglas Brown. Language Assesment Practical and Language Practice,
(San Fransisco: Longman, 2003), p.67.
[10] Anas Sujiono, Pengantar Evaluasi Pendidikan, Op.Cit.,
p. 163.
[11]Gay and
Airasian, Op. Cit, p. 161
[12]Ibid., 179
[13]Anas
Sujiono, Op.Cit.p. 166
[14]Ibid., p. 181
[15]Suharsimi
Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu
Pendekatan Praktik ( Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2006 ), p. 188.
[16] Anas Sudijono. Pengantar Evaluasi Pendidikan, Op.Cit, P. 209.
[17] Anas Sudijono, Pengantar Statistik Pendidikan, Op.it., p.
298.
[18]
Agus Irianto, Op.Cit.,p.276
[19]
Suharsimi Arikunto, Op. Cit., p. 311
[20] Sugiyono, Statiska Untuk Penelitian, Op.Cit., p. 135.
[21] Scott W. Vanderstoep and Deirdre D. Johnston,
Research Methods for Everyday Life:
Blending Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, (San Fransisco: Jossey
Bass, 2009) p. 122
